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Data Contracts: Preventing Breaking Changes Across Data Pipelines

A schema change in an upstream table silently breaks ten downstream dashboards. Data contracts make this explicit and preventable before it reaches production.

The Silent Breaking Change Problem

In most data organisations, there is no formal agreement between data producers and consumers. An upstream team renames a column or changes a data type, and downstream pipelines break silently — often only noticed when a business dashboard shows wrong numbers.

What a Data Contract Defines

  • Schema: columns, types, nullability
  • Semantics: business meaning of each field
  • SLA: freshness, availability, and volume expectations
  • Ownership: who is responsible for maintaining the contract

Enforcement

Tools like Soda, Great Expectations, and custom CI/CD hooks can automatically validate that data contract terms are met before data is published to consumers.